What is the principle of light propagation in fiber optics?

The principle of light propagation in fiber optics is based on total internal reflection. This phenomenon occurs when light traveling within a medium, such as the glass or plastic used in fiber optic cables, hits the interface with a less dense medium (like air) at an angle greater than the critical angle. As a result, instead of passing through the boundary, the light is completely reflected back into the denser medium, allowing it to travel along the fiber with minimal loss of intensity.

Total internal reflection is crucial for the functionality of fiber optics because it enables the efficient transmission of light signals over long distances without significant leakage. This property ensures that the light can navigate the bends and curves in the fiber while maintaining its integrity and strength, which is essential for data communication applications.

Refraction refers to the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another and does play a role in the initial entry of light into the fiber, but it is not the primary principle that governs light propagation once it is inside the fiber. Diffraction involves the spreading of light waves when they encounter obstructions and is not a mechanism used in fiber optic technology. Scattering is the dispersion of light in various directions when it strikes small particles or imperfections, which can lead to signal loss and is